. STEREO - Space-Terrestrial Integrated IoT

Space-Terrestrial Integrated IoT

Pioneering global connectivity by integrating terrestrial IoT with satellite networks for seamless, energy-efficient, low-data-rate communication anywhere on Earth.

Satellite IoT

About STEREO

The STEREO project envisions a future where Internet of Things (IoT) devices are no longer bound to terrestrial infrastructure. By integrating low-power IoT technologies such as LoRaWAN and NB-IoT with Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite gateways, STEREO pioneers a hybrid space-terrestrial network architecture.

This 4-year academic project, led by Inria and supported by a consortium of top academic and industrial partners, breaks new ground in network architectures, protocol design, and real-world validation for Direct-to-Satellite IoT (DtS-IoT) services.

STEREO Architecture
Global Connectivity
Energy-Efficient
Latency-Tolerant
LEO Integration

Key Highlights

Seamless IoT

Unmodified devices can connect to terrestrial gateways or directly to LEO satellites.

Global Impact

Low-data rate applications include environmental monitoring, asset tracking, and remote sensing.

Cutting-Edge Research

Combines simulation, hardware prototyping, and in-orbit protocol validation.

Sustainability

Favors sparse constellations and latency-tolerant protocols to minimize costs and complexity.

Project Work Packages

Each work package tackles a critical layer of the space-terrestrial integrated IoT stack

0

Project Management

Oversees coordination, partner communication, progress tracking, and public outreach.

1

Architecture Definition

Designs the end-to-end system architecture combining LPWAN and Argos technologies.

2

Technology Evaluation

Evaluates physical, link, and network layer performance via simulation.

3

Software Components

Develops key software modules including synchronization and constellation management.

4

Hardware Components

Builds and tests hybrid radio components integrating LoRaWAN and Kinéis protocols.

5

Application Validation

Validates the system via lab testbeds, balloon flights, and in-orbit experiments.

Project Partners

Project Team

The STEREO project brings together a multidisciplinary team of researchers and engineers from leading French academic institutions and industries working on cutting-edge IoT and satellite technologies.

STEREO Project Team

Publications

47 outputs deposited on HAL under the ANR reference ANR-22-CE25-0014, listed newest first. The list is regenerated from HAL; deposit there to appear here.


2026 (4)

Critical Delay-Tolerant NB-IoT Applications in GNSS-Denied Direct-to-Satellite Environments

Miguel José Filipe, Nicola Accettura. MSWiM 2026, 2026.

Conference or workshop paper · hal-05748961

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Blind vs. Satellite-Detect Uplink in LEO Direct-to-Satellite IoT: An Analytical Threshold

Juan A Fraire, Benoit Coeugnet, Oana Iova, André-Luc Beylot, Vincent Deslandes. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 2026.

Journal article · hal-05770364

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Joint LoRa and LR-FHSS Resource Allocation Optimization in Direct-to-Satellite IoT Networks

Diego Maldonado, Megumi Kaneko, Juan Fraire, Alexandre Guitton, Oana Iova, Hervé Rivano. WoWMoM 2026 - IEEE 27th International Symposium on a World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks, 2026.

Conference or workshop paper · hal-05742566

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DORSAL: Downlink Optimization for Robust Direct-to-Satellite LoRaWAN

Juan Fraire, Oana Iova, Carlos Fernandez Hernandez, Fabrice Valois, Hervé Rivano, Cesar Azurdia-Meza, Marcos Diaz, Miguel Gutiérrez Gaitán, Diego Dujovne, Samuel Montejo Sánchez, Richard Demo Souza. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2026.

Journal article · hal-05671806

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2025 (16)

Deep Reinforcement Learning for Routing in Uncertain DTNs with Graph Neural Networks

Valentin Negrelli, Renato Cherini, Juan Andrés A Fraire. WiSEE 2025 - IEEE International Conference on Wireless for Space and Extreme Environments, 2025.

Conference or workshop paper · hal-05413586

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Modeling Pointing, Acquisition, and Tracking Delays in Free-Space Optical Satellite Networks

Jason Gerard, Juan A Fraire, Sandra Céspedes. WiSEE 2025 - IEEE International Conference on Wireless for Space and Extreme Environments, 2025.

Conference or workshop paper · hal-05423887

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Improving LR-FHSS Goodput by Optimizing Header Redundancy

Florent Dobler. Workshop STEREO 2025, 2025.

Conference or workshop paper · hal-05298839

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Increasing the throughput of Direct-to-Satellite Narrowband IoT networks

Zheng Zhou, Nicola Accettura, Pascal Berthou. IEEE Conference on Standards for Communications and Networking (CSCN 2025), 2025.

Conference or workshop paper · hal-05288872

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Achieving reduced latency and energy efficiency in Direct-to-Satellite LoRaWAN communications

Florian Rolland, Zheng Zhou, Nicola Accettura, Pascal Berthou. 21st International IEEE Conference on Factory Communication Systems (WFCS 2025), 2025.

Conference or workshop paper · hal-05158569

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From the City to the Clouds: An Experimental Performance Evaluation of LR-FHSS

Marcos Rojas Mardones, Juan A. Fraire, Oana Iova, Florent Dobler, Olivier Alphand, Didier Donsez, Martin Heusse. International Conference on Distributed Computing in Smart Systems and the Internet of Things (DCOSS-IoT), 2025.

Conference or workshop paper · hal-05118362

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Network Size Estimation in DtS-IoT: A LoRaWAN Approach for Satellite Constellations

Pablo Ilabaca, Diego Maldonado, Juan Fraire, Samuel Montejo-Sánchez, Sandra Céspedes. ICC 2025 - IEEE International Conference on Communications, 2025.

Conference or workshop paper · hal-05357368

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A wake-up strategy enabling GNSS-free NB-IoT links to sparse LEO satellite constellations

Zheng Zhou, Nicola Accettura, Pascal Berthou. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2025.

Journal article · hal-04748785

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Ubiquitous IoT Through Space Communications

Zheng Zhou, Nicola Accettura, Pascal Berthou. 28th International Symposium on Real-Time Distributed Computing (ISORC 2025), 2025.

Conference or workshop paper · hal-05151295

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Scalable and energy efficient communications in the Internet of Things

Nicola Accettura. Habilitation thesis (HDR), 2025.

Habilitation thesis (HDR) · tel-05483354

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FLoRaSat 2: Simulating Cross-Linked Direct-to-Satellite IoT LEO Constellations

Alexander Ylnner Choquenaira Florez, Robin Ohs, Juan Andrés A Fraire, Hervé Rivano. 12th Advanced Satellite Multimedia Systems Conference and the 18th Signal Processing for Space Communications Workshop (ASMS/SPSC 2025), 2025.

Conference or workshop paper · hal-05087751

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On the Latency Trade-off Between Space and Terrestrial Clouds in Non-Terrestrial Networks

Camilo Rojas, Juan A Fraire, Fabio Patrone, Mario Marchese. ASMS/SPSC 2025 - 12th Advanced Satellite Multimedia Systems Conference and the 18th Signal Processing for Space Communications Workshop, 2025.

Conference or workshop paper · hal-05357353

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Enhanced LR-FHSS receiver for headerless frame recovery in space–terrestrial integrated IoT networks

Diego Maldonado, Leonardo S Cardoso, Juan Andrés A Fraire, Alexandre Guitton, Oana Iova, Megumi Kaneko, Hervé Rivano. Computer Networks, 2025.

Journal article · hal-04864039

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On the role of machine learning in satellite internet of things: A survey of techniques, challenges, and future directions

Alexander Ylnner Choquenaira Florez, Juan A Fraire, Hannah B Pasandi, Hervé Rivano. Computer Networks, 2025.

Journal article · hal-04911360

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FLoRaSat 2: Simulating Cross-Linked Direct-to-Satellite IoT LEO Constellations with Joint Access and Routing Evaluation

Alexander Y Choquenaira-Florez, Benoit Coeugnet, Robin Ohs, Juan A Fraire, Hervé Rivano. International Journal of Satellite Communications and Networking, 2025.

Journal article · hal-05424077

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LR-FHSS: Analytical Model of Channel Capacity and Header Redundancy Optimization

Florent Dobler, Elisabeth Bérat, Andrej Duda, Martin Heusse. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 2025.

Journal article · hal-05306501

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2024 (18)

Autonomous Max-Flow Interplanetary Laser Link Scheduling for Martian Exploration

Jason Gerard, Andre Ibrahim, Juan A Fraire, Sandra Céspedes. 2024 IEEE International Conference on Wireless for Space and Extreme Environments (WiSEE), 2024.

Conference or workshop paper · hal-05357375

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Frugal AI for IoT and New Space

Didier Donsez. JRAF 2024 Journées de Recherche en Apprentissage Frugal, 2024.

Conference or workshop paper · hal-04794440

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Routing in All-Optical LEO Constellations with High-Altitude Ground Stations

Benoit Coeugnet, Pablo G Madoery, Juan A Fraire, Jorge M Finochietto, Halim Yanikomeroglu. MECOM 2024 - IEEE Middle East Conference on Communications and Networking, 2024.

Conference or workshop paper · hal-05357384

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Toujours plus haut, Toujours plus loin ou Thingsat : un véhicule de recherche pour l’expérimentation in-vivo ouverte de l’Internet des Objets par Satellite

Didier Donsez, Alphand Olivier, Florent Dobler, Léo Cordier, Tan Phu Vuong, Nhu Huan Nguyen, Vincent Grennerat, Sequies Thierry, Mathieu Barthelemy, Monin Jean-Louis, Moraux Estelle, Erik Kerstel. [CyberSkills] Workshop : Distribution sécurisée du Temps et Systèmes spatiaux, 2024.

Conference or workshop paper · hal-04786634

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DtS-IoT Resource Allocation Analysis Framework: Assessing DQ and RESS-IoT

Jason Gerard, Juan A Fraire, Raydel Ortigueira, Sandra Céspedes. 2024 IEEE 10th World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT), 2024.

Conference or workshop paper · hal-05357398

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Unlocking DtS-IoT Medium Access Through the Massively Scalable Distributed Queuing Protocol

Jason Gerard, Juan A Fraire, Sandra Céspedes. WF-IoT 2024 - IEEE 10th World Forum on Internet of Things, 2024.

Conference or workshop paper · hal-05357391

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A Survey on Direct-to-Device Satellite Communications: Advances, Challenges, and Prospects

Hannaneh B Pasandi, Juan A Fraire, Sylvia Ratnasamy, Herve Rivano. LEO-NET '24: Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on LEO Networking and Communication, 2024.

Conference or workshop paper · hal-04791559

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Multi-Gateway LoRaWAN Throughput Modeling in Direct-to-Satellite IoT Constellations

Santiago M Henn, Juan Andrés A Fraire, Nicola Accettura, Sandra Céspedes, Holger Hermanns. Preprint, 2024.

Preprint · hal-04749023

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LR-FHSS: Header redundancy optimization

Florent Dobler. NTN days 2024, 2024.

Conference or workshop paper · hal-04953912

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Distributed Volume Management in Space DTNs: Scoping Schedule-Aware Bundle Routing

Olivier de Jonckère, Juan A. Fraire, Scott Burleigh. SMC-IT 2024 - IEEE 10th International Conference on Space Mission Challenges for Information Technology, 2024.

Conference or workshop paper · hal-04603605

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IPN-V: The Interplanetary Network Visualizer

Alice Le Bihan, Juan Andrés A Fraire, Pierre Francois, Felix Flentge. 2024 IEEE 10th International Conference on Space Mission Challenges for Information Technology (SMC-IT), 2024.

Conference or workshop paper · hal-04996148

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On the Role of Delay Tolerant Networks and Contact Graph Routing in Direct-to-Satellite IoT

Sebastián I Montoya, Diego Maldonado, Juan A Fraire, Sandra Céspedes. SMC-IT 2024 - IEEE 10th International Conference on Space Mission Challenges for Information Technology, 2024.

Conference or workshop paper · hal-05357407

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In-vivo experiments on LR-FHSS modulation

Florent Dobler, Marcos Rojas Mardones, Olivier Alphand, Didier Donsez, Juan A. Fraire, Martin Heusse, Oana Iova. Journées LPWAN 2024, 2024.

Conference or workshop paper · hal-04777306

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Architectural Framework and Feasibility of Internet of Things-Driven Mars Exploration via Satellite Constellations

Oscar Ledesma, Paula Lamo, Juan A Fraire, María Ruiz, Miguel A Sánchez. Electronics, 2024.

Journal article · hal-04711319

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Quantitative analysis of segmented satellite network architectures: A maritime surveillance case study

Juan A Fraire, Santiago Henn, Gregory Stock, Robin Ohs, Holger Hermanns, Felix Walter, Lynn van Broock, Gabriel Ruffini, Federico Machado, Pablo Serratti, Jose Relloso. Computer Networks, 2024.

Journal article · hal-04762695

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Trends in LPWAN Technologies for LEO Satellite Constellations in the NewSpace Context

Oscar Ledesma, Paula Lamo, Juan A Fraire. Electronics, 2024.

Journal article · hal-04711323

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On the Use of Mega Constellation Services in Space: Integrating LEO Platforms into 6G Non-Terrestrial Networks

Gabriel Maiolini Capez, Mauricio A Cáceres, Roberto Armellin, Chris P Bridges, Juan A Fraire, Stefan Frey, Roberto Garello. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 2024.

Journal article · hal-04711308

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Towards Optimal Placement of Free-Space Optical Terminal on the Spacecraft Body

Juan A Fraire, Joan A Ruiz-De-Azua, Elena Fernandez-Nino. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 2024.

Journal article · hal-04711310

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2023 (9)

REX SatIoT @ Etna Volcano

Julien Sudre, Luca Terray, Laurent Royer, Didier Donsez, Fabien Ferrero. Journées NTN (Non Terrestrial Networks) 2023, 2023.

Conference or workshop paper · hal-04847783

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Continuous Time Emulation for Software-Defined Non-Terrestrial Edge Computing Networks

Camilo Rojas, Juan A Fraire, Fabio Patrone, Alberto Gotta, Mario Marchese. European Wireless 2023; 28th European Wireless Conference, 2023.

Conference or workshop paper · hal-04711334

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Recovering Headerless Frames in LR-FHSS

Juan Andrés A Fraire, Alexandre Guitton, Oana Iova. International Conference on Embedded Wireless Systems and Networks, 2023.

Conference or workshop paper · hal-04152028

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Inter-Regional Routing in Interplanetary Networks with Shortcuts and Contact Passageways

Olivier de Jonckère, Juan A Fraire. 2023 IEEE International Conference on Wireless for Space and Extreme Environments (WiSEE), 2023.

Conference or workshop paper · hal-04711330

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On the Tractability of Yen’s Algorithm and Contact Graph Modeling in Contact Graph Routing

Olivier de Jonckère, Juan A Fraire, Scott Burleigh. 2023 IEEE International Conference on Wireless for Space and Extreme Environments (WiSEE), 2023.

Conference or workshop paper · hal-04711336

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Lightweight synchronization to NB-IoT enabled LEO Satellites through Doppler prediction

Zheng Zhou, Nicola Accettura, Raoul Prévost, Pascal Berthou. The 19th International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (IEEE WiMob 2023), 2023.

Conference or workshop paper · hal-04054470

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Network Size Estimation for LoRa-Based Direct-to-Satellite IoT

Diego Maldonado, Juan Andrés A Fraire, Pablo Ilabaca, Hervé Rivano, Sandra Céspedes. 2023 IEEE Cognitive Communications for Aerospace Applications Workshop (CCAAW), 2023.

Conference or workshop paper · hal-04711344

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ThingSat : une passerelle IoT LoRa spatiale

Olivier Alphand, Didier Donsez, Aymeric Brochier, Tan-Phu Vuong, Imane El Khantouti, Thierry Sequies, Jean-Louis Monin. CoRes 2023 - 8èmes Rencontres Francophones sur la Conception de protocoles, l'évaluation de performances et l'expérimentation de Réseaux de communication, 2023.

Conference or workshop paper · hal-04097677

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Polygon-Based Algorithms for N -Satellite Constellations Coverage Computing

Santiago M Henn, Juan A Fraire, Holger Hermanns. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 2023.

Journal article · hal-04189476

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Foundational Publication

Space-Terrestrial Integrated Internet of Things: Challenges and Opportunities

Juan A Fraire, Oana Iova, Fabrice Valois. IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 60, no. 12, pp. 64-70, December 2022.

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